Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Manufacturing in 2025: Unleashing Next-Gen Photovoltaics for a Sustainable Future. Explore Market Growth, Innovations, and Strategic Opportunities in the Coming Years.

• Executive Summary: Key Insights & 2025 Outlook
• Market Size, Growth Rate & Forecasts (2025–2030)
• Technology Landscape: Recent Advances in DSSC Manufacturing
• Competitive Analysis: Leading Companies & Strategic Moves
• Raw Materials & Supply Chain Dynamics
• Cost Structures and Manufacturing Efficiencies
• Emerging Applications & End-User Segments
• Regulatory Environment & Industry Standards
• Regional Analysis: Growth Hotspots & Investment Trends
• Future Outlook: Innovation Roadmap & Market Opportunities
• Sources & References

Executive Summary: Key Insights & 2025 Outlook

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are emerging as a promising photovoltaic technology, offering unique advantages such as flexibility, semi-transparency, and the ability to perform under diffuse light conditions. As of 2025, the DSSC manufacturing sector is experiencing renewed momentum, driven by advances in materials science, process scalability, and growing demand for integrated solar solutions in consumer electronics, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and IoT devices.

Key industry players are scaling up production and refining manufacturing techniques to improve efficiency and reduce costs. GCell, a UK-based manufacturer, has been at the forefront of commercial DSSC production, focusing on flexible modules for indoor and low-light applications. Their roll-to-roll manufacturing processes are designed to enable high-throughput and cost-effective production, a critical factor for market competitiveness. Similarly, Exeger, headquartered in Sweden, has made significant strides with its proprietary Powerfoyle technology, which integrates DSSCs into consumer electronics and smart devices. Exeger’s fully automated factory in Stockholm is among the largest DSSC production facilities globally, with a capacity to meet growing demand from electronics and IoT sectors.

In Asia, Toshiba Corporation and Panasonic Corporation have both invested in DSSC research and pilot-scale manufacturing, targeting applications in energy-harvesting sensors and BIPV. These companies are leveraging their expertise in electronics and materials to develop DSSC modules with improved stability and longer operational lifetimes, addressing a key challenge for broader adoption.

The sector is also witnessing increased collaboration between manufacturers and material suppliers to optimize the supply chain. For example, partnerships with specialty chemical companies are enabling the development of new dyes and electrolytes that enhance cell performance and durability. Industry bodies such as the International Energy Agency recognize DSSCs as a niche but rapidly evolving segment within the broader solar market, particularly suited for applications where conventional silicon photovoltaics are less effective.

Looking ahead to the next few years, the outlook for DSSC manufacturing is cautiously optimistic. While DSSCs are unlikely to challenge silicon PV in utility-scale power generation, their unique properties position them for strong growth in specialized markets. Continued investment in manufacturing scale-up, material innovation, and product integration is expected to drive incremental efficiency gains and cost reductions, supporting wider adoption in consumer, commercial, and architectural applications through 2025 and beyond.

Market Size, Growth Rate & Forecasts (2025–2030)

The global market for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing is poised for notable growth between 2025 and 2030, driven by increasing demand for flexible, lightweight, and aesthetically versatile photovoltaic solutions. DSSCs, known for their ability to operate efficiently under diffuse light and at various angles, are gaining traction in applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), portable electronics, and indoor energy harvesting.

As of 2025, the DSSC sector remains a niche within the broader photovoltaic industry, but several manufacturers are scaling up production and expanding their product portfolios. G24 Power, based in the UK, is a leading commercial producer of DSSC modules, focusing on indoor energy harvesting for IoT devices and wireless sensors. The company has reported increased demand from electronics manufacturers seeking sustainable power solutions for smart devices. Similarly, Dyesol (now known as Greatcell Solar), headquartered in Australia, continues to invest in R&D and pilot-scale manufacturing, targeting BIPV and automotive applications.

In Asia, Toshiba Corporation and Panasonic Corporation have both announced ongoing research and prototype development in DSSC technology, with a focus on integrating these cells into consumer electronics and energy-efficient buildings. Japanese and South Korean manufacturers are expected to play a significant role in scaling up DSSC production, leveraging their expertise in materials science and electronics manufacturing.

Market forecasts for 2025–2030 suggest a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in the range of 10–15% for DSSC manufacturing, with the global market size projected to reach several hundred million USD by 2030. Growth is anticipated to accelerate as manufacturing costs decline, conversion efficiencies improve (with laboratory cells now exceeding 14% efficiency), and regulatory support for renewable energy intensifies. The European Union’s Green Deal and similar initiatives in Asia are expected to further stimulate demand for innovative solar technologies, including DSSCs.

Key challenges remain, including the need for improved long-term stability and the scaling of production processes to meet commercial demand. However, with ongoing investments from established players such as G24 Power and Dyesol, and the entry of electronics giants like Toshiba Corporation and Panasonic Corporation, the outlook for DSSC manufacturing is increasingly positive for the latter half of the decade.

Technology Landscape: Recent Advances in DSSC Manufacturing

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing has experienced notable technological advances as of 2025, driven by the need for cost-effective, flexible, and aesthetically versatile photovoltaic solutions. The core DSSC architecture—comprising a photoanode (typically mesoporous TiO₂), a sensitizing dye, an electrolyte, and a counter electrode—has seen incremental improvements in both materials and scalable production techniques.

A major trend in recent years is the transition from laboratory-scale fabrication to industrial-scale roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing. This method enables continuous production of DSSC modules on flexible substrates, significantly reducing costs and enabling new applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and portable electronics. Companies like GCL Technology Holdings and 3M have invested in R2R-compatible materials and encapsulation technologies, aiming to improve both efficiency and durability of DSSCs for commercial deployment.

Material innovation remains central to DSSC progress. The adoption of cobalt-based redox mediators and solid-state electrolytes has addressed previous issues with liquid electrolytes, such as leakage and volatility, thereby enhancing device stability. Leading manufacturers, including Dyesol (now Greatcell Solar), have pioneered the use of advanced dyes and robust sealing techniques, reporting module lifetimes exceeding 20 years under indoor conditions. Additionally, Toray Industries has developed transparent conductive films and advanced electrode materials, supporting the production of semi-transparent and colored DSSCs for architectural applications.

Automation and quality control are also advancing. Inline monitoring systems for layer thickness, dye loading, and defect detection are being integrated into production lines, ensuring consistent performance and yield. Solaronix, a Swiss supplier, has introduced modular manufacturing equipment tailored for both R&D and pilot-scale production, facilitating technology transfer and scale-up for new entrants.

Looking ahead, the DSSC sector is expected to benefit from further integration with IoT and smart building technologies, leveraging the unique low-light performance of DSSCs. The market outlook for 2025 and beyond is optimistic, with increased adoption in niche markets such as indoor energy harvesting, wearables, and decorative solar panels. As manufacturing costs continue to decline and module efficiencies approach 15% under real-world conditions, DSSCs are poised to complement mainstream silicon photovoltaics, particularly where flexibility, color, or transparency are valued.

Competitive Analysis: Leading Companies & Strategic Moves

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing sector in 2025 is characterized by a small but dynamic group of companies, each leveraging unique technological approaches and strategic partnerships to carve out market share in specialized applications. Unlike the mainstream silicon photovoltaic industry, DSSC manufacturers are focused on niche markets such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), indoor energy harvesting, and flexible electronics, where the technology’s advantages—transparency, color tunability, and performance under diffuse light—are most pronounced.

A key player is Greatcell Solar, an Australian company with a long-standing commitment to DSSC research, development, and pilot-scale manufacturing. Greatcell Solar has focused on scaling up production of both DSSC modules and critical materials, such as ruthenium-based dyes and titanium dioxide pastes. The company’s strategy includes licensing its technology to partners in Europe and Asia, and collaborating with research institutes to improve cell efficiency and stability.

In Europe, 3GSolar Photovoltaics (Israel) and Exeger (Sweden) are prominent. 3GSolar specializes in DSSC modules for indoor and low-light applications, targeting the rapidly growing Internet of Things (IoT) device market. The company has established partnerships with electronics manufacturers to integrate DSSC modules into wireless sensors and smart devices. Exeger, meanwhile, has developed a proprietary DSSC technology branded as “Powerfoyle,” which is manufactured at its Stockholm facility. Exeger’s strategic focus is on consumer electronics, wearables, and smart home devices, and it has secured collaborations with global brands to embed its flexible, customizable solar films into commercial products.

In Asia, Toshiba Corporation has maintained a research and pilot production presence in DSSC, with a focus on BIPV and transparent solar panels for architectural applications. Toshiba’s approach involves integrating DSSC modules into window glass and façade elements, leveraging the technology’s aesthetic flexibility. The company is also exploring mass production techniques to reduce costs and improve module lifespans, aiming for commercial deployment in the next few years.

Strategically, leading DSSC manufacturers are investing in automation, roll-to-roll processing, and advanced encapsulation to address cost and durability challenges. Partnerships with glass manufacturers, electronics firms, and construction companies are common, as these alliances facilitate the integration of DSSC technology into end-use products. Looking ahead, the sector’s competitive landscape is expected to remain specialized, with growth driven by the proliferation of IoT devices, demand for energy-harvesting solutions in smart buildings, and the push for sustainable, aesthetically pleasing solar technologies.

Raw Materials & Supply Chain Dynamics

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) rely on a complex supply chain of specialized raw materials, each critical to device performance and scalability. As of 2025, the DSSC manufacturing sector is experiencing both opportunities and challenges in securing these materials, with a focus on cost, sustainability, and regional sourcing.

The core components of DSSCs include transparent conductive substrates (typically fluorine-doped tin oxide glass), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, sensitizing dyes (often ruthenium-based or organic), electrolytes (commonly iodide/triiodide), and counter electrodes (usually platinum or carbon-based). The supply of FTO glass is dominated by established glass manufacturers, with companies such as Pilkington and AGC Inc. providing high-quality substrates tailored for photovoltaic applications.

Titanium dioxide, a key semiconductor material, is sourced from major chemical suppliers. Chemours and Cristal (now part of Tronox) are among the leading global producers, ensuring a stable supply for large-scale DSSC production. The industry is also witnessing a gradual shift toward more sustainable and nanostructured TiO₂ sources, with some manufacturers exploring local supply chains to reduce carbon footprint and costs.

The sensitizing dye market is more fragmented. While ruthenium-based dyes remain the benchmark for efficiency, their high cost and limited supply have prompted a surge in research and commercialization of organic and metal-free alternatives. Companies such as Dyesol (now Greatcell Solar) have been instrumental in developing and scaling up new dye formulations, while also working to secure reliable sources of rare metals where necessary.

Electrolyte supply is another focal point, with established chemical companies like Merck KGaA providing high-purity iodide/triiodide solutions and exploring solid-state alternatives to improve device stability and safety. The counter electrode segment is evolving as well, with platinum supply subject to price volatility and sustainability concerns. This has led to increased adoption of carbon-based materials, with suppliers such as SGL Carbon supporting the transition.

Geopolitical factors and logistics disruptions in recent years have underscored the importance of supply chain resilience. DSSC manufacturers are increasingly diversifying suppliers and investing in local production capabilities, particularly in Europe and Asia, to mitigate risks and ensure continuity. Looking ahead, the sector is expected to prioritize sustainable sourcing, recycling of critical materials, and the development of alternative supply chains to support anticipated growth in DSSC deployment through the late 2020s.

Cost Structures and Manufacturing Efficiencies

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing in 2025 is characterized by a dynamic interplay between cost structures, process innovations, and scaling strategies. The cost profile of DSSCs remains distinct from that of conventional silicon photovoltaics, with materials, module assembly, and encapsulation representing the primary cost drivers. Key materials include transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass, ruthenium-based or organic dyes, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, and iodide/triiodide electrolytes. The cost of ruthenium dyes and platinum counter electrodes has historically been a bottleneck, but ongoing research and commercial adoption of organic dyes and carbon-based electrodes are reducing reliance on expensive noble metals.

Manufacturers such as GCell and Exeger are at the forefront of scaling DSSC production, focusing on roll-to-roll printing and screen-printing techniques to drive down per-watt costs. These methods enable high-throughput, low-temperature processing on flexible substrates, which not only reduces energy consumption but also opens up new application markets in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and consumer electronics. Exeger, for example, operates one of the world’s largest DSSC manufacturing facilities, leveraging proprietary “Powerfoyle” technology to produce flexible, customizable solar cells for integration into headphones, IoT devices, and smart surfaces.

In 2025, the average module manufacturing cost for DSSCs is estimated to be in the range of $0.30–$0.50 per watt, depending on scale, material choices, and automation levels. This is competitive for niche applications, especially where transparency, color tunability, or indoor performance is valued over absolute efficiency. The adoption of solvent-free electrolytes and solid-state designs is further expected to improve long-term stability and reduce encapsulation costs, a critical factor for commercial viability.

Industry bodies such as the European Photovoltaic Industry Association and collaborative projects under the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems are supporting standardization and best practices, which are expected to streamline supply chains and reduce quality control costs over the next few years. As DSSC manufacturing matures, the focus is shifting toward lifecycle cost optimization, including recycling of rare materials and integration with automated assembly lines.

Looking ahead, the outlook for DSSC manufacturing cost structures is positive, with incremental improvements in materials sourcing, process automation, and module durability expected to further enhance competitiveness. The sector’s ability to leverage unique form factors and low-light performance will likely sustain its growth in specialized markets through 2025 and beyond.

Emerging Applications & End-User Segments

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are gaining renewed attention in 2025 as manufacturers and end-users seek alternatives to conventional silicon photovoltaics, particularly for applications where flexibility, transparency, and aesthetic integration are valued. The unique properties of DSSCs—such as their ability to function efficiently under diffuse light and their compatibility with lightweight, flexible substrates—are driving their adoption in several emerging sectors.

One of the most prominent application areas is building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), where DSSCs are being incorporated into windows, facades, and skylights. Their semi-transparency and color tunability allow architects and developers to integrate energy generation into building elements without compromising design. Companies like Onyx Solar are actively developing DSSC-based glass solutions for commercial and residential buildings, targeting both new construction and retrofitting projects. The ability of DSSCs to generate power from indoor and low-light conditions further enhances their appeal for urban environments.

Consumer electronics represent another fast-growing segment. DSSCs are being embedded into devices such as e-readers, smartwatches, and wireless sensors, where their ability to harvest ambient light extends battery life and enables new form factors. GCell, a UK-based manufacturer, has commercialized DSSC modules for integration into IoT devices and wearables, emphasizing the technology’s low-light performance and design flexibility.

The automotive industry is also exploring DSSCs for integration into sunroofs, dashboards, and interior surfaces to power auxiliary systems and sensors. The lightweight and flexible nature of DSSCs makes them suitable for curved and irregular surfaces, a feature being evaluated by several automotive OEMs in partnership with DSSC technology providers.

In the realm of off-grid and portable power, DSSCs are being used in products such as solar chargers, backpacks, and emergency lighting. Their ability to operate efficiently in shaded or indoor environments makes them attractive for both consumer and humanitarian applications. Companies like Exeger are scaling up production of DSSC-based modules for these markets, leveraging proprietary manufacturing processes to improve efficiency and durability.

Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to see further expansion of DSSC applications as manufacturing costs decrease and performance improves. Ongoing research into new dyes, electrolytes, and electrode materials is anticipated to boost efficiency and stability, opening additional end-user segments in smart infrastructure, agriculture (e.g., greenhouse-integrated photovoltaics), and even fashion. As DSSC manufacturers continue to form partnerships with end-users and component integrators, the technology’s footprint across diverse industries is set to grow.

Regulatory Environment & Industry Standards

The regulatory environment and industry standards for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing are evolving rapidly as the technology matures and moves toward broader commercialization in 2025 and the coming years. DSSCs, known for their flexibility, semi-transparency, and potential for low-cost production, are subject to both general photovoltaic (PV) regulations and emerging standards specific to their unique materials and applications.

Globally, DSSC manufacturers must comply with overarching PV standards such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) series, including IEC 61215 for design qualification and type approval, and IEC 61730 for safety requirements. These standards, originally developed for silicon-based modules, are being adapted to accommodate the distinct characteristics of DSSCs, such as their use of organic dyes and liquid or solid electrolytes. The International Electrotechnical Commission continues to update these standards, with working groups focusing on new test protocols for emerging PV technologies, including DSSCs.

In the European Union, DSSC manufacturers must adhere to the EU’s Ecodesign Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, which mandate eco-friendly design and end-of-life management. The European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EU PVSEC) regularly highlights regulatory updates and best practices for DSSC integration into building materials and consumer products. Additionally, the SolarPower Europe association is actively involved in shaping policy recommendations and technical guidelines for next-generation PV, including DSSCs.

In Asia, where significant DSSC manufacturing capacity is emerging, countries like Japan and South Korea are aligning their national standards with IEC guidelines. Companies such as Toray Industries and Samsung Electronics are participating in industry consortia to ensure compliance and promote best practices in DSSC production. In China, the China National Energy Administration oversees PV certification, and leading DSSC innovators are working to harmonize local requirements with international standards.

Looking ahead, the regulatory focus is expected to intensify on the environmental and health aspects of DSSC materials, particularly regarding the use of rare metals and organic solvents. Industry groups are collaborating to develop new standards for lifecycle assessment, recyclability, and the safe handling of DSSC components. As DSSCs gain traction in niche markets such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and portable electronics, regulatory bodies are likely to introduce application-specific guidelines to ensure product safety, performance, and sustainability.

Overall, the regulatory landscape for DSSC manufacturing in 2025 is characterized by a convergence of established PV standards and new protocols tailored to the technology’s unique features. Ongoing collaboration between manufacturers, industry associations, and standards organizations will be crucial in supporting the responsible growth and market acceptance of DSSCs in the years ahead.

Regional Analysis: Growth Hotspots & Investment Trends

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing is experiencing renewed momentum in 2025, with regional growth hotspots emerging in Asia, Europe, and select parts of North America. The sector’s expansion is driven by advances in materials science, increased demand for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and the push for sustainable, low-cost energy solutions.

Asia-Pacific remains the most dynamic region for DSSC manufacturing. Japan and South Korea are at the forefront, leveraging their established electronics and materials industries. Toray Industries in Japan continues to invest in DSSC component production, focusing on transparent conductive films and advanced electrolytes. South Korea’s Samsung and LG have both signaled interest in next-generation solar technologies, including DSSCs, as part of their broader renewable energy strategies. China, meanwhile, is scaling up pilot production lines, with companies like GCL Technology exploring DSSC integration for niche applications such as indoor energy harvesting and IoT devices.

In Europe, the DSSC sector benefits from strong policy support and a focus on sustainable construction. Oxford PV in the UK, while primarily known for perovskite solar cells, has maintained research and limited production in DSSCs, targeting BIPV and semi-transparent modules for architectural use. Italy’s Eni has invested in pilot DSSC lines through its renewable energy division, aiming to commercialize colored and flexible solar panels for integration into building facades and windows. The European Union’s Green Deal and related funding mechanisms are expected to further stimulate regional investment through 2025 and beyond.

In North America, DSSC manufacturing is more nascent but gaining traction. The United States sees activity from specialty firms and university spin-offs, with Dyesol (now Greatcell Solar) maintaining a presence in the region, focusing on R&D and small-scale production. Canadian research institutions are also collaborating with industry to develop DSSC modules suited for northern climates and low-light conditions.

Looking ahead, investment trends indicate a shift toward localized, application-specific DSSC manufacturing. Growth is expected in sectors such as smart windows, portable electronics, and indoor photovoltaics, where DSSCs’ unique properties offer competitive advantages. Regional clusters—particularly in East Asia and Western Europe—are likely to attract further capital and talent, positioning these areas as global leaders in DSSC innovation and commercialization through the late 2020s.

Future Outlook: Innovation Roadmap & Market Opportunities

The future outlook for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) manufacturing in 2025 and the following years is shaped by a convergence of technological innovation, scaling efforts, and emerging market opportunities. DSSCs, known for their flexibility, semi-transparency, and ability to perform under diffuse light, are increasingly positioned as a complementary technology to conventional silicon photovoltaics, particularly in niche and integrated applications.

In 2025, the innovation roadmap for DSSC manufacturing is focused on three main areas: efficiency improvements, material sustainability, and scalable production processes. Recent advances in sensitizer chemistry, such as the development of new organic and metal-complex dyes, are pushing power conversion efficiencies beyond 13% in laboratory settings. Companies like GCell and GlassTec are actively working on commercializing these advances, with GCell specializing in flexible DSSC modules for IoT and indoor applications, and GlassTec exploring architectural integration.

Manufacturing innovation is also being driven by the adoption of roll-to-roll printing and scalable coating techniques, which promise to reduce production costs and enable high-throughput fabrication. 3GSolar Photovoltaics, for example, is leveraging proprietary printing technologies to produce DSSC modules tailored for low-light environments, targeting the rapidly growing market for wireless sensors and smart devices. The company’s focus on non-toxic, abundant materials aligns with broader industry trends toward sustainability and regulatory compliance.

Market opportunities for DSSCs in 2025 are expanding beyond traditional solar panels. The unique properties of DSSCs—such as color tunability and transparency—are driving adoption in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), automotive glazing, and portable electronics. Ricoh Company, Ltd. has introduced DSSC-powered devices for indoor energy harvesting, while Toshiba Corporation is exploring DSSC integration in smart windows and IoT infrastructure.

Looking ahead, the DSSC sector is expected to benefit from increased investment in sustainable energy solutions and the growing demand for decentralized power sources. Industry collaborations, such as those fostered by the European Photovoltaic Industry Association, are accelerating the transfer of laboratory breakthroughs to commercial manufacturing. As DSSC technology matures, the next few years will likely see a proliferation of new products and applications, particularly in markets where traditional photovoltaics face limitations.

Sources & References

• GCell
• Exeger
• Toshiba Corporation
• International Energy Agency
• Pilkington
• SGL Carbon
• Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
• Onyx Solar
• European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition
• SolarPower Europe
• LG
• Oxford PV
• Ricoh Company, Ltd.